Employer Branding - Free Essay Example

Employer Branding 1.0 Introduction: Employer Branding is the most critical people management topic in todays flattened global business environment. The economic downturn has further brought attention to the importance of people in delivering the brand promise. Increasingly the shareholder value of a company rests in its intangible assets e.g. its people, reputation and culture. Organizations spend millions on their corporate brand. But how much do they invest in their Employer Brand? Employer branding plays an important role in attracting and retaining talent in the face of a shrinking talent pool. HR professionals are considered primarily responsible for employer branding initiatives, with most of the companies reporting HR as one of the key stakeholders in employer brand management. While employer branding is predominantly seen as the domain of HR, marketing also plays an important role 2.0 Literature review: 2.1 What is Branding? It is a way to package information about functional attributes, economic value, and psychological benefits so its easily understood and absorbed by the target audience. Marketers today engage in two different types of branding namely external branding and employer (internal) branding. The latter yet to pick up in full speed, has tremendous potential in this increasingly competitive scenario. 2.2 External Branding Defining External Branding: The image that an organization projects to consumers, suppliers, investors, and the public. An external brand gives information on the attributes of the goods or services to current and potential buyers. It answers questions such as: 2.3 Internal Branding Defining Employer Branding: The image that employees have about what what type of employer an organization is. Whether the brand is explicit or implicit- and even if it has not been deliberately developed- every organization has an internal brand. An Employer Brand (or Internal Brand) gives current and potential employees information about the employment experience and what is expected of them. It answers questions such as: Employer branding can be defined as a form of the corporate branding by which companies establish an image of services they provide, in order to attract or motivate employees (Bates, 2001).The below provides an overview of the different types of branding. Product branding focuses on communication to customers about the companys products. Corporate branding communicates the companys financial results to the stakeholders. In the marketing literature, the importance of reconciling perceptions of the firms internal and external image in managing the congruence of all brand messages has been recognized (Dukerich and Carter 2000; Duncan and Moriarty 1998). Not only does this positively influence the perceptions of these messages among employees, potential employees, and customers, but it also ensures that employees are properly aligned with the brand and what it represents (Keller 2002). This allows employees to live the brand and reinforces corporate values and expectations of performance among new and existing employees (Ind 2001). Ind also recognizes that some companies have de facto employer brands without a formalized marketing approach. However, at a time when the financial markets are increasingly recognizing human capital as a source of value for firms and shareholders (Cairncross 2000); Michaels et al. (2001) propose the explicit development and communication of the Employee Value Proposition (EV P) to attract and retain talented employees. Clearly, there are a number of different marketing inputs that contribute towards the formation of the employer brand, from the development of an EVP to recruitment marketing plans, and outputs which may require advertising, press coverage, sponsorship, word-of-mouth endorsement and contacts with employees (Kennedy 1977; Dowling 1994 2002; Stuart 1999). In this way, the formation of the employer brand image is closely associated with the firm in its role as an employer. In the recruitment literature, Gatewood et al. (1993) find that the employer brand image is a particularly significant predictor of early decisions made by new recruits about their employers. Turban et al (1998) find that employer brand image positively influences both applicant perceptions of recruiter behaviors and post-interview job and organizational attributes. As to how potential recruits form images of a particular organization, the phenomenon of signaling has been investigated and found to have an influence on employer brand image, particularly in the early stages of the recruitment process (Taylor Bergmann, 1987). That is, recruitment experiences are taken as signals of unknown organisational characteristics (Barber, 1998; Rynes, Bretz and Gerhart 1991). For example, job applicants may infer employer brand values based on their recruitment materials e.g. an organization that emphasizes promotion and salary may be perceived as valuing dedication to career (Honeycutt Rosen 1 997). Also, Goltz and Giannantonio (1995) found that recruits infer more positive characteristics about an organization when exposed to a friendly recruiter than an unfriendly one. Moreover, Rynes, Bretz and Gerhart (1991) find that line employees have a bigger signaling impact than staff recruiters and that both are conditioned by the feedback of applicants regarding their impressions of the employer brand image. Very often employer branding is thought to be restricted to recruitment communications and only be concerned with the attraction of employees. In reality however, this is not the case. An employer brand explains how the organisation has been communicating and engaging with all of its stake holders be it current, prospective or past employees. Another critical thing to be noticed is that unlike other branding initiatives, an employer brand is not a true brand in its own right. It is not something envisioned and executed by recruitment and advertising agencies that stands alone and separate. An employer brand will be successful only if it operates in conjunction with the organisations corporate and consumer brands. It therefore becomes pertinent to find a connect between employer brand and the existing brands and reflect the behaviours exhibited throughout the organisation, to investors and consumers. It should be able to bring out the real and the aspirational truth about working in an organisation and mirror the values that are exhibited through the external corporate and consumer brands. If there is a disconnect between the two, the brand promise that is given to new employees will vanish as the reality of working in a very different organisation to the one promised. The roots of the concept of employer branding stretch back to the 1990s. However, due to uncomfortable market conditions and a grim recession, the concept could not flourish completely and it has only been in the last five years that employer branding has become a major force. In 1996, Simon Barrow and Tim Ambler gave this definition: We define the Employer Brand as the package of functional, economic and psychological Benefits provided by employment and identified with the employing company. The most significant role of employer branding is to provide a comprehensive framework for management to be able to define priorities, increase productivity and improve recruitment, retention and commitment. Employer branding may seem superficial from a certain point of view, since it is not directly helping in increasing the sales s and thus impacting bottom lines but it is definitely here to stay. Organisations have realised that its people provide one of the few distinct competitive differentiators in todays world. Good talent management makes sense and employer branding is an important part of an organisations armoury from now on. In order to be able to create a successful employer brand, there are three critical stakeholders who must be involved. Senior management: to give insight into the vision, strategic intent, core objectives, competition landscape and understanding of consumers attitudes towards the organisation. Key employee groups: in order to give opinions on the activities that take place on the work floor, benefits, management and communication within the organisation. Relevant external labour pools: to highlight their understanding of an organisation, any roadblocks to success and perception of the organisation in the market. Like all other kinds of branding exercises, employer branding does and will pay off. Following are some benefits to a good employer branding exercise: True differentiation in campuses from where recruitment is done Enthusiastic and aspirational set of messages to be sent out to potential as well as existing employees Mainting a brand consistency through the candidate/new starter journey A better understanding of how the organization is perceived externally Higher engagement levels for the existing employees Financial returns can also be observed in the long run through efficient employer branding practices. If the right kind of employer branding exercise is done, it will lead to a reduction in the amount of money needed to invest to bring good people into the business. The Employee Value Proposition (EVP) is an important outcome of employer brand. It essentially comprises of the promise that the organization makes to current, future and potential employees. In the process of defining an employer brand, the organizations EVP is automatically created. For example, on a recent employer branding project for HSBC, it was found that the central tenet of the organisation was the investment in, and development of, their employees. The organisation invests hugely in its people, there are opportunities to work locally, nationally and internationally. Because of these reasons the EVP that was developed for HSBC was Here you can. As mentioned earlier, Employer branding is not just about reaching potential employees but also about the existing ones. It is about an employer promise which is consistently carried through all stages of employees experiences of that organisation through recruitment processes, into employment and then even after having left the organization. There is a strong correlation between the engagement and commitment levels and the different stages in the lifecyle of the tenure in an organization. An employee who joins an organisation with an exemplary EVP will exhibit high levels of commitment compared to if he were joining the organization with a poor EVP. After a year, if the EVP is correctly managed, commitment will fall but not as low as the commitment level in organisations with a poor EVP. 2.4 Current Scenario A lot of work has been done on employer branding, its importance, characteristics etc. Firms from diverse industry sectors have formally defined, and are strategically managing, their employer brands. There is no doubt that many practitioners view having a successful employer brand as desirable but there has not been much progress on measuring the effectiveness of employer branding. Quantifying employer branding is very critical from new talent point of view as an index is psychologically better conceived and also making a comparison among organizations. Currently analytics companies such as Hewitt Associates and Mercer conduct surveys for the best employer brands once every year based on certain parameters. However, these surveys are valid only for a certain period of time and there is no mechanism to compute the value of an employer brand at any other point of time. 2.5 Absence of Measurement of Effectiveness of Employer Branding: Sixty-two percent of respondents to a recent survey said they support employer brand initiatives, but only 24% have metrics in place to measure these initiatives. The research was conducted by the Bernard Hodes Global Network. Not surprisingly, The study reveals that a key driver for employer brand development is the need to acquire talent in a competitive global market, said Alan Schwartz, president and CEO. Other findings of the research include: The most frequently cited key expectations of employer branding were ease in attracting candidates (84%) and recognition as employer of choice(82%). Ninety-four percent of respondents use their corporate Web sites more than other channels, such as printed materials, to promote the employer brand. Seventy-nine percent of respondents reported that HR is one of the key stakeholders in managing the employee brand. 3.0 Research Objective The objective of the research is to develop a quantitative frame work on employer branding of organizations. As a first phase of this work, I would first identify key metrics to measure employer branding. The second phase of the study would develop a generic framework which would help new talent and/or organization to calculate the index of a brand as an employer. 4.0 Rationale Such a mathematical framework would help to estimate and compare the value of an employer brand at any point of time that would benefit all the stakeholders including current employees, potential recruits, competitors etc. It would enable organizations to understand if their efforts are in the right direction and how they stand vis-a-vis their competitors 5.0 Hypothesis All organizations make efforts to establish themselves as sought after employer brands. However, the perception of the employer brand varies from person to person be it a new talent or an existing employee. 6.0 Research Questions Identifying key attributes that employees/ new talent consider important when looking at an organization as an employer brand. Relative weightages given to the attributes identified above Developing an index to calculate comparable values for various employer brands across industries Research Methodology Research Design The study was divided in two phases. First phase was focussed on conducting an in depth secondary research along with qualitative primary research to identify wide range of attributes or metrics which impact employer branding of an organization. This was followed by the designing of questionnaire targeted at final year students at various post graduate colleges. The second phase of the study further analyzes the collected data to build up a mathematical relationship between these set of attributes and index of employer branding. The index would be a guide for new recruits to quantify the employer brand and also help them to compare employer branding of different employers. A total of 3 focus group discussions were conducted, which had respondents who were in their final year of graduation and could also be looked at as potential employment seekers. The participants in the FGD were students from management institutes like MICA, Lal Bahadur Shastri (Delhi) and Fore School (Delhi). Each group lasted for about approximately 90 minutes. The discussion guide contained questions about the respondents ideal workplaces, naming the organizations that they would like to work for and the reasons for it, the attributes considered while considering potential employers, employers that they would least be interested in along with the reasons for it. The discussion finally concluded with the means and methods by which the students finally go about for seeking employment. The main objective of conducting focus group discussions was to come up with a set of attributes that capture all important aspects of employer branding. Through these focus group discussions I was able to arrive at a set of 48 attributes, all of which seemed extremely important from an ideal work place point of view. The following are the attributes that emerged from the various FGDs.: A friendly and informal working environment An attractive overall compensation package (Basic, HRA, LTA) (fixed component) Application of knowledge Bonuses (Variable Component) Brand name of the organization Customer-orientation Emotional attachment with organization Encouragement for new initiatives Feel good factor with the organization Financial Health of Company Flexible working schedule Frequency of appraisal cycle Gaining career-enhancing experience Global alignment of the organization (MNC) Good relationship with colleagues Good relationship with superiors Growth opportunities Humanitarian organisation gives back to society Impression formed by recruiters of the organization Industry in which company operates Innovative employer novel work practices Innovative products and services Internationally diverse mix of colleagues Job Content Job content and satisfaction Job security within the organization Knowledge sharing opportunities Knowledgeable supervisor Leadership style of supervisor Non-monitory benefits (medical check-ups, insurance at work place, club memberships, maternity/ paternity leave) Opportunities for overseas exposure Positive feedback from current or previous employees Products (essentials, luxury etc) Quality of Top Management Reputation of the organization Rewards recognition Scope for creativity Scope for lateral movement Stock Options Stress-free working environment Supportive and encouraging colleagues Supportive supervisor Synchronization between corporate goals and employee future plans Training and development of its employees Vision of Leadership Website of the organization Working hours/ week Working in shifts All these attributes were tested in the survey instrument to arrive at the final set of metrices for measuring the value of employer branding. Employer Branding in Times of Recession There are various points of views on how recession has impacted employer branding. On one hand, the thought process says that recession has increased the human resources because of widespread layoffs and thus made employer branding relatively less important. During the recession periods, one of the primary objectives in all the organizations was to increase the top lines while managing to reduce the bottom lines. And this was made possible by showing a number of employees the way out. Another point of view towards the impact of recession claims that it is at these times that an organizations behaviour towards its employees goes through a litmus test. This is the time for organizations to ensure not to spoil their employer brand by large scale termination of employment or general misbehaviour with its existing employees. Infact this is the time to step in and make efforts towards strengthening the employer brand along with being able to retain the talent in the organization. As has been noted by many HR experts, it always easier to retain an existing and trained employee rather than to get a new one. Thus, to conclude according to this second school of thought, employer branding becomes all the more critical in times of recession, making it even more important to retain existing talent. Data Collection Respondents: 102 respondents from Delhi and Ahmedabad, all in the final year of graduation from management institutes. Section 1: Demographics The demographics include variables such as gender, age, total number of years of work experience, monthly household income, area of management specialization. DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLE: GENDER What is your gender? Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid 1. Male 64 62.7 62.7 62.7 2. Female 38 37.3 37.3 100.0 Total 102 100.0 100.0 DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLE: AGE What is your age? Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid 1. Under 20 years 7 6.9 6.9 6.9 2. 20-24 years 68 66.7 66.7 73.5 3. 25-34 years 3 2.9 2.9 76.5 4. 35-44 years 23 22.5 22.5 99.0 5. 45 years and above 1 1.0 1.0 100.0 Total 102 100.0 100.0 DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLE: TOTAL NUMBER OF YEARS OF WORK EXPERIENCE What is your total number of years of work experience? Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid 1. No experience 29 28.4 28.4 28.4 2. Less than a year 35 34.3 34.3 62.7 3. 1-2 years 30 29.4 29.4 92.2 4. 2-3 years 5 4.9 4.9 97.1 5. More than 3 years 3 2.9 2.9 100.0 Total 102 100.0 100.0 DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLE: MONTHLY HOUSEHOLD INCOME What is your monthly household income? Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid 1. less than Rs. 25,000 8 7.8 7.8 7.8 2. Rs. 25,000- Rs. 50,000 18 17.6 17.6 25.5 3. Rs. 50,000- Rs. 1,00,000 59 57.8 57.8 83.3 4. More than Rs. 1,00,000 17 16.7 16.7 100.0 Total 102 100.0 100.0 DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLE: AREA OF SPECIALIZATION What is your area of specialization? Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid 1. Marketing 36 35.3 35.3 35.3 2. Media 20 19.6 19.6 54.9 3. Market Research/ Analytics 10 9.8 9.8 64.7 4. Finance 30 29.4 29.4 94.1 5. HR 5 4.9 4.9 99.0 6. Operations 1 1.0 1.0 100.0 Total 102 100.0 100.0 DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLE: ASPIRED INDUSTRY Which industry do you aspire to work in? Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid 1. Consulting 43 42.2 42.2 42.2 2. Manufacturing 17 16.7 16.7 58.8 3. Media 14 13.7 13.7 72.5 4. IT 3 2.9 2.9 75.5 5. Finance 18 17.6 17.6 93.1 6. Others 7 6.9 6.9 100.0 Total 102 100.0 100.0 Section 2: Information Sought This section includes the data collected to understand the sources of information used by students to know more about a potential employer and the nature of information that is sought while developing an understanding about the potential employer. SOURCES OF INFORMATION TO KNOW ABOUT A GIVEN COMPANY What are your sources of information to know about a given company?1. Peers Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid 1 70 68.6 100.0 100.0 Missing System 32 31.4 Total 102 100.0 What are your sources of information to know about a given company?2. Colleagues Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid 1 41 40.2 100.0 100.0 Missing System 61 59.8 Total 102 100.0 What are your sources of information to know about a given company?3. Family members Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid 1 33 32.4 100.0 100.0 Missing System 69 67.6 Total 102 100.0 What are your sources of information to know about a given company?4. Online search Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid 1 72 70.6 100.0 100.0 Missing System 30 29.4 Total 102 100.0 What are your sources of information to know about a given company?5. Company personnel Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid 1 51 50.0 100.0 100.0 Missing System 51 50.0 Total 102 100.0 What are your sources of information to know about a given company?6. Press reports Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid 1 30 29.4 100.0 100.0 Missing System 72 70.6 Total 102 100.0 What are your sources of information to know about a given company?7. Others Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid 1 22 21.6 100.0 100.0 Missing System 80 78.4 Total 102 100.0 NATURE OF INFORMATION SOUGHT What is the nature of information you look for when applying to a company?1. Type of work Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid 1 62 60.8 100.0 100.0 Missing System 40 39.2 Total 102 100.0 What is the nature of information you look for when applying to a company?2. Investor information Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid 1 24 23.5 100.0 100.0 Missing System 78 76.5 Total 102 100.0 What is the nature of information you look for when applying to a company?3. Personal experience of employees in that company Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid 1 42 41.2 100.0 100.0 Missing System 60 58.8 Total 102 100.0 What is the nature of information you look for when applying to a company?4. Best Employers Survey ranking Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid 1 25 24.5 100.0 100.0 Missing System 77 75.5 Total 102 100.0 What is the nature of information you look for when applying to a company?5. Work life balance Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid 1 50 49.0 100.0 100.0 Missing System 52 51.0 Total 102 100.0 What is the nature of information you look for when applying to a company?6. Pay packages Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid 1 71 69.6 100.0 100.0 Missing System 31 30.4 Total 102 100.0 What is the nature of information you look for when applying to a company?7. Others Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid 1 33 32.4 100.0 100.0 Missing System 69 67.6 Total 102 100.0 Section 3: Reliability Analysis This analysis has been done to study the properties of measurement scales and the items that compose the scales. The Reliability Analysis procedure calculates a number of commonly used measures of scale reliability and also provides information about the relationships between individual items in the scale. Alpha (Cronbach) model of reliability has been used to check for internal consistency, based on the average inter-item correlation. Case Processing Summary N % Cases Valid 102 100.0 Excludeda 0 .0 Total 102 100.0 a. Listwise deletion based on all variables in the procedure. Reliability Statistics Cronbachs Alpha Cronbachs Alpha Based on Standardized Items N of Items .874 .892 48 Cut-off criteria. By convention, a lenient cut-off of .60 is common in exploratory research; alpha should be at least .70 or higher to retain an item in an adequate scale; and many researchers require a cut-off of .80 for a good scale. The Cronback Alpha in this case is .874 and thus, the data set is consistent. Section 4: Factor Analysis Principal Component Analysis has been conducted on the collected data in order to establish a relationship between inter-related variables and to represent them through a set of a few underlying factors. It would help in identifying the intrinsic factors thus, examining the inter dependent relationships. The following are the specifics on the factor analysis: 1. Descriptives 1. Initial solution 2. Correlation matrix 1. Coefficients 2. KMO and Bartletts 2. Extraction 1. Analyze Correlation matrix 2. Display Screen plot 3. Extract Eigenvalues over 1 4. Rotation Varimax (uncorrelated factors) 5. Options Sort by size and Suppress values less than .20 Output of Factor Analysis: Total Variance Explained Component Initial Eigenvalues Rotation Sums of Squared Loadings Total % of Variance Cumulative % Total % of Variance Cumulative % dimension0 1 10.001 20.836 20.836 9.357 19.493 19.493 2 7.845 16.344 37.180 6.465 13.468 32.962 3 5.768 12.016 49.196 5.812 12.109 45.071 4 4.211 8.774 57.970 4.503 9.382 54.453 5 3.696 7.700 65.670 4.468 9.307 63.760 6 2.942 6.130 71.800 3.859 8.039 71.800 7 2.413 5.028 76.827 8 1.975 4.115 80.943 9 1.499 3.122 84.065 10 1.237 2.576 86.641 11 1.078 2.246 88.887 12 .944 1.966 90.853 13 .847 1.764 92.617 14 .700 1.459 94.076 15 .497 1.035 95.111 16 .485 1.010 96.121 17 .343 .714 96.834 18 .299 .623 97.458 19 .228 .474 97.932 20 .216 .451 98.383 21 .201 .419 98.802 22 .135 .281 99.083 23 .124 .258 99.341 24 .108 .225 99.566 25 .080 .166 99.732 26 .050 .105 99.837 27 .039 .081 99.918 28 .023 .047 99.965 29 .017 .035 100.000 30 2.387E-15 4.972E-15 100.000 31 1.775E-15 3.697E-15 100.000 32 1.431E-15 2.981E-15 100.000 33 1.324E-15 2.758E-15 100.000 34 8.735E-16 1.820E-15 100.000 35 7.130E-16 1.485E-15 100.000 36 6.304E-16 1.313E-15 100.000 37 3.839E-16 7.998E-16 100.000 38 3.207E-16 6.682E-16 100.000 39 2.737E-16 5.701E-16 100.000 40 -1.186E-18 -2.471E-18 100.000 41 -2.250E-16 -4.687E-16 100.000 42 -2.363E-16 -4.922E-16 100.000 43 -3.956E-16 -8.242E-16 100.000 44 -6.063E-16 -1.263E-15 100.000 45 -9.867E-16 -2.056E-15 100.000 46 -1.635E-15 -3.406E-15 100.000 47 -1.869E-15 -3.893E-15 100.000 48 -3.412E-15 -7.109E-15 100.000 Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. Rotated Component Matrixa Component 1 2 3 4 5 6 An attractive overall compensation package (Basic, HRA, LTA) (fixed component)] .864 .196 .137 Bonuses (Variable Component) ] .406 .193 -.230 -.120 .229 -.101 Stock Options] .663 -.260 .313 .130 -.243 -.305 Non-monitory benefits (medical check-ups, insurance at work place, club memberships, maternity/ paternity leave) ] .241 .252 -.229 -.320 Positive feedback from current or previous employees ] .151 .877 .130 .167 Industry in which company operates] .934 .107 Financial Health of Company ] .898 .139 .142 Synchronization between corporate goals and employee future plans] .107 -.216 .847 Brand name of the organization] .114 .142 .902 -.126 Reputation of the organization] .850 .181 -.146 .124 Frequency of appraisal cycle ] -.101 .255 .175 .585 A friendly and informal working environment ] .717 -.253 .391 .287 -.210 -.141 Feel good factor with the organization] .248 .135 .276 .618 Innovative employer novel work practices] .184 .878 .126 .101 Innovative products and services ] .174 .173 .199 -.222 Humanitarian organisation gives back to society ] -.101 .122 .899 Customer-orientation] .918 .141 Training and development of its employees] .924 Stress-free working environment] .900 .143 .126 .149 Opportunities for overseas exposure ] .905 .119 -.135 Global alignment of the organization (MNC)] .249 .153 -.287 -.297 .130 -.219 Products (essentials, luxury etc)] .148 .882 .102 Good relationship with colleagues] .946 .108 Supportive and encouraging colleagues ] .145 .192 .102 .904 Internationally diverse mix of colleagues] .122 .904 Supportive supervisor ] .949 Knowledgeable supervisor ] .350 -.417 .132 .103 Leadership style of supervisor] .361 .159 .248 Quality of Top Management] .124 .172 .109 .898 Good relationship with superiors] .169 .906 Vision of Leadership ] .870 .140 .163 Job content and satisfaction] .859 .185 .174 Encouragement for new initiatives] .665 -.253 .441 .318 -.226 Rewards recognition] .874 .222 -.116 .167 Job security within the organization] .686 -.248 .426 .303 -.247 Working in shifts] .447 -.174 -.158 -.269 -.262 Flexible working schedule] .125 .905 .132 Working hours/ week ] .433 -.208 -.125 -.291 -.259 Gaining career-enhancing experience ] .810 .177 -.102 Scope for creativity] .202 -.180 .852 Knowledge sharing opportunities ] .638 -.290 .451 .267 -.282 -.126 Application of knowledge ] .614 -.305 .455 .280 -.279 -.137 Emotional attachment with organization] .183 -.231 -.168 .748 Scope for lateral movement ] .736 -.229 .403 .294 -.216 -.118 Growth opportunities ] .865 .212 .192 .117 Website of the organization] -.156 .118 .134 .453 Job Content] .754 .101 .229 Impression formed by recruiters of the organization ] .369 .222 .179 -.110 .528 Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization. a. Rotation converged in 23 iterations. Component Score Covariance Matrix Component 1 2 3 4 5 6 dimension0 1 1.000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 2 .000 1.000 .000 .000 .000 .000 3 .000 .000 1.000 .000 .000 .000 4 .000 .000 .000 1.000 .000 .000 5 .000 .000 .000 .000 1.000 .000 6 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 1.000 Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization. With the 6 factors, explaining 71.8% of the variance, these factors have been taken forward. The following table shows a summary of the factor analysis report: Compensation Related Factor An attractive overall compensation package (Basic, HRA, LTA) (fixed component) Bonuses (Variable Component) Stock Options Non-monitory benefits (medical check-ups, insurance at work place, club memberships, maternity/ paternity leave) Organization Related Factor Positive feedback from current or previous employees Industry in which company operates Financial Health of Company Synchronization between corporate goals and employee future plans Brand name of the organization Reputation of the organization Frequency of appraisal cycle A friendly and informal working environment Feel good factor with the organization Innovative employer novel work practices Innovative products and services Humanitarian organisation gives back to society Customer-orientation Training and development of its employees Stress-free working environment Opportunities for overseas exposure Global alignment of the organization (MNC) Products (essentials, luxury etc) Colleagues related Factor Good relationship with colleagues Supportive and encouraging colleagues Internationally diverse mix of colleagues Management related Factor Supportive supervisor Knowledgeable supervisor Leadership style of supervisor Quality of Top Management Good relationship with superiors Vision of Leadership Organisation related Factor Job content and satisfaction Encouragement for new initiatives Rewards recognition Job security within the organization Working in shifts Flexible working schedule Working hours/ week Gaining career-enhancing experience Scope for creativity Knowledge sharing opportunities Application of knowledge Emotional attachment with organization Scope for lateral movement Growth opportunities Recruitment related Factor Website of the organization Job Content Impression formed by recruiters of the organization Questionnaire Q1. What is your gender? 1. Male 2. Female Q2. What is your age? 1. Under 20 years 2. 20-24 years 3. 25-34 years 4. 35-44 years 5. 45 years and above Q3. What is your total number of years of work experience? 1. No experience 2. Less than a year 3. 1-2 years 4. 2-3 years 5. More than 3 years Q4. What is your monthly household income? 1. less than Rs. 25,000 2. Rs. 25,000- Rs. 50,000 3. Rs. 50,000- Rs. 1,00,000 4. More than Rs. 1,00,000 Q5. What is your area of specialization? 1. Marketing 2. Media 3. Market Research/ Analytics 4. Finance 5. HR 6. Operations 7. Others (Please specify) Q6. Which industry do you aspire to work in? 1. Consulting 2. Manufacturing 3. Media 4. IT 5. Finance 6. Others (Please Specify) Q7. What are your sources of information to know about a given company? 1. Peers 2. Colleagues 3. Family members 4. Online search 5. Company personnel 6. Press reports 7. Others (Please specify) Q8. What is the nature of information you look for when applying to a company? 1. Type of work 2. Investor information 3. Personal experience of employees in that company 4. Best Employers Survey ranking 5. Work life balance 6. Pay packages 7. Others (Please specify) Q9. Please indicate your priorities of following factors which you may consider while evaluating a prospective employer. You should mark 1 to indicate the first priority, 2 for second priority and so on.. 1. Compensation and benefits 2. Work Profile and environment 3. Company and its future growth plans 4. People and Management 5. Policies and Practices of the company Q10. To understand your criteria to evaluate an employer better, please indicate the importance of below listed factors on your evaluation process: Strongly unimportant Unimportant Slightly unimportant Slightly Important Important Strongly Important An attractive overall compensation package (Basic, HRA, LTA) (fixed component) Bonuses (Variable Component) Stock Options Non-monitory benefits (medical check-ups, insurance at work place, club memberships, maternity/ paternity leave) Job content and satisfaction Promotion to new initiatives Rewards and recognition Job security within the organisation Working in shifts Flexible working schedule Working hours/ week Gaining career-enhancing experience Scope for creativity Opportunity to apply knowledge Knowledge sharing opportunities Emotional attachment with organization Scope for lateral movement Growth opportunities Supportive supervisor Knowledgeable supervisor Leadership style of supervisor Top management Good relationship with superiors Vision of Leadership Good relationship with colleagues Supportive and encouraging colleagues Internationally diverse mix of colleagues Positive feedback from current or previous employees Industry in which company operates Financial Health of Company Synchronization between corporate goals and employee future plans Brand name of the organization Reputation of the organization Geographical location of the organization Frequency of appraisal cycle A friendly and informal working environment Feel good factor with the organization Innovative employer novel work practices Innovative products and services Products and services organization produces Humanitarian organisation gives back to society Customer-orientation Training and development of its employees Stress-free working environment Opportunities for overseas exposure Global alignment of the organization (MNC) Website of the organization Designation of the position Recruitment process Discussion Guideline for FGD Introduction Dear friends, I am Gauri Gupta, a student pursuing post graduate diploma in communications management from Mudra Institute of Communications, Ahmedabad (MICA). MICA is a management school and specializes in marketing communications. As a part of the course requirement, I am currently doing a study on measuring the impact of employer branding. I thank all of you for taking out precious time from your busy schedules and welcome you to this discussion. I along with my co-moderator, Anita will be talking to you about various employer brands and your perceptions about them. It is important for my research that all of you speak without any hesitation. There is no right or wrong answer and that we only want their opinions. Now if all you can introduce yourselves by sharing your name, family details, work profile, education and activities and interests with the rest of us. Ice breaker: So you must all be looking forward to joining the corporate life very soon. How would you define an ideal work environment? Discussion on the following areas: Would you like to name some of the organizations where you aspire to work? Can you share the reasons why you want to join this particular organization? What do you know about the organization? And what is your source of information for it? What are the various attributes that you would consider when looking at an organization from the point of view of potential employment. Which companies would you least be interested in for purposes of employment? Why do you feel this way? Could you share some parameters on the basis of which you compare various organizations? Closure Statement: Thank you so much for your time and your valuable inputs!

Germany Borders Various Different Countries - 1156 Words

Germany borders various different countries. German land spans across 138,000 square miles KidPort. (2012) describes Germany as one of the major Industrial and economic powers in Europe. It describes it as having many rolling plains which make good farm land. They also state that â€Å"Almost 80% of the German people live in cities or towns..† Mexico is bordered by the United States to the north and multiple countries to the southeast. Mexico has been described as having a â€Å"highly varied topography that consists of rugged mountains with high elevations, deserts, high plateaus and low coastal plains.† The earliest settlements in Mexico were those of the Olmec, Maya, Toltec and Aztec. These settlers developed various types of modernized civilisation long before european settlement. Issue Mexico Germany Water As most recently recorded by WHO/UNICEF (2015) drinking water coverage (piped into premises) is at a total rise of 17% since 1990, sitting at a total of 92% coverage as of 2015. Water in Mexico is used for various things, the most consumption comes from agricultural factors, which uses 77% of all water. Due to the useage being quite large in agricultural avenues, the lack of water could subsequently cause a lack of food, this could also lead to declines in things produced within the industry. Mexican governments released an advertising campaign called â€Å"February 2010: The City May Run Out of Water†, speaking of the rise of demand vs. the availability of resources. Currently,Show MoreRelatedWhat Is The Federal Republic Of Germany1032 Words   |  5 PagesRepublic of Germany is a country located in north-central Europe and the seventh largest country in Europe. The country lies at the center of Europe and shares more borders with other countries than any other in Europe. The capital city is Berlin, which is over 775 years old and is the most populated city in the country. Before the nation of Germany formed, it was the capital of Prussia, that later developed into the Federal Republic of Germany. The country borders not only other countries, but alsoRead MoreTreaty of Versailles1324 Words   |  6 Pagesthe treaty along with its unfair orders to Germany led to the worlds most horrific leader come to power and also set the platform for another war. The treaty became a worldwide example of history how greed and injustice can lead to disasters no one thought possible. World War I came to an end on November 11, 1918. Germany had surrendered and signed the Armistice agreement. The Allies were engaged in tailoring a peace settlement with a defeated Germany. In December of 1918, the Allied leaders metRead MoreEurope, The Catholic Church, And The Refugees Of Refugees Essay1675 Words   |  7 Pageswell-developed European countries. The majority of Europe is Christian, with a large portion of that being Catholic, and so in the midst of this situation it is crucial to examine how European responses to the migrant crisis have compared to the Catholic Church’s position on migration, to see if people are truly putting their religion into practice. The European migrant crisis began in 2015 when there was an influx of refugees coming into the European Union through southern European countries and by way ofRead MorePost Brexit1421 Words   |  6 PagesGroup 2 Investment Bank – a large US Investment Bank has been based in London, and due to concerns over the regulatory framework post Brexit creating uncertainty is looking for a new location to setup within the Single Market so as to reduce any cross-border risk or political turmoil that may occur. This paper will review Frankfurt as a possible location, and considers the reasons for moving to this location and risks associated – political and economic at an international level. Frankfurt itself hasRead MoreThe Holocaust And Jewish Oppression 1933-19451547 Words   |  7 PagesThe Holocaust and Jewish Oppression 1933-1945 Historically, people have apparently really disliked Judaism, from their oppression(and various counts of genocide and mass murder over several hundred years) at the hands of the Romans and later the Byzantines, oppression at the hands of Muslims, the Crusades, the Spanish Inquisition, the hundreds of blood libels incited by Christians from 700 CE to 1950 CE, their persecution, and murder, at the hands of Russian in in the early 1900s(and earlier), andRead MoreRevolution of 18481143 Words   |  5 Pages1848, class status defined every citizen s place in the social, political, and economic order causing problems throughout Germany. Due to the separation of the states, some Germans advocated German unification under a single constitutional monarchy; however, after the defeat of Napoleon, their dreams were crushed. Developing power was scattered among three hundred different states consolidated under the Holy Roman Empire. Powerful regions like Prussia and Austria gained increasing authority overRead MoreThe Effects Of Historical Effects On Modern Economic Development1637 Words   |  7 Pagesinstitutions, such as value differences. In general, values tend to persist over generations if circumstances do not change dramatically (Giuliano Nunn, 2017). For example, Becker et al. (2015) found that the population residing within the former border of the Habsburg Empire has a more trusting attitude towards state institutions. Since value differences persist across populations, and are inherently linked with decision-making, it is important to consider if and how they may translate into individuals’Read MoreWhy Stalin Built The Iron Curtain Essays667 Words   |  3 PagesUnion (USSR,) where as Western Europe enjoyed freedom. It was a border set up by Joseph Stalin, the ruler of the USSR in the years after the Second World War. The term the Iron Curtain, was first introduced in Winston Churchills long speech, an Iron curtain has descended across the continent, on March 5th, 1946. Churchills speech triggered Stalin to tighten the Iron Curtain. Stalin had various reasons for setting up the Iron Curtain. He assumed he had the rightRead MoreThe Beginning to World Instability: World War I956 Words   |  4 PagesFrench villages completely destroyed on the Western Front during World War I, six remain uninhabited to this day. Undisputedly, World War I had a tremendous impact on the people of many countries. Map changes in Europe and the Middle East, the Treaty of Versailles with its political and economic impact on Germany, and fear over the installation of Russian communism were among the negative legacies of World War I. Combined they would contribute to an unstable geopolitical climate inevitably leadingRead MoreThe Treaty Of Versailles, Reparations, And The Locarno Pact1528 Words   |  7 Pagespeace treaties amongst the Allied and Associated Powers and the conquered Central Powers it led to the rise of the treaty of Versailles. The progression of the treaties that were discussed in the Paris Peace conference, are what formed the new countries and borders that reshaped the entire map of the world and also resulted in many Empires becoming economically unstable. The Paris Peace Conference began with the leaders of the Allied Powers and their contributions were: Wilson’s fourteen points, the Treaty

A Users Guide to Time Phrases in Mandarin Chinese

Mandarin Chinese has time-related phrases that clarify when the action in a sentence is happening. These expressions are similar to English terms like, yesterday or the day before yesterday. Here is a list of common time expressions, which we will explore in more detail below: Days today - ä »Å Ã¥ ¤ © - jÄ «n tiÄ nyesterday - æ˜ ¨Ã¥ ¤ © - zuà ³ tiÄ nthe day before yesterday - å‰ Ã¥ ¤ © - qià ¡n tiÄ ntomorrow - 明å ¤ © - mà ­ng tiÄ nthe day after tomorrow - Ã¥ ¾Å'Ã¥ ¤ © (trad) /Ã¥ Å½Ã¥ ¤ © (simp) - hà ²u tiÄ n Years this year - ä »Å Ã¥ ¹ ´ - jÄ «n nià ¡nlast year - åŽ »Ã¥ ¹ ´ - qà ¹ nià ¡ntwo years ago - å‰ Ã¥ ¹ ´ - qià ¡n nià ¡nnext year - 明å ¹ ´ - mà ­ng nià ¡ntwo years from now - Ã¥ ¾Å'Ã¥ ¹ ´ / Ã¥ Å½Ã¥ ¹ ´ - hà ²u nià ¡n Weeks and Months The prefixes for weeks and months are as follows: this week - 這個星æÅ"Ÿ / è ¿â„¢Ã¤ ¸ ªÃ¦ËœÅ¸Ã¦Å"Ÿ - zhà ¨ gà ¨ xÄ «ngqÄ «this month - 這個æÅ"ˆ / è ¿â„¢Ã¤ ¸ ªÃ¦Å"ˆ - zhà ¨ gà ¨ yuà ¨last week - ä ¸Å Ã¥â‚¬â€¹Ã¦ËœÅ¸Ã¦Å"Ÿ / ä ¸Å Ã¤ ¸ ªÃ¦ËœÅ¸Ã¦Å"Ÿ - shà  ng gà ¨ xÄ «ngqÄ «last month - ä ¸Å Ã¥â‚¬â€¹Ã¦Å"ˆ / ä ¸Å Ã¤ ¸ ªÃ¦Å"ˆ - shà  ng gà ¨ yuà ¨two weeks ago - ä ¸Å Ã¤ ¸Å Ã¥â‚¬â€¹Ã¦ËœÅ¸Ã¦Å"Ÿ / ä ¸Å Ã¤ ¸Å Ã¤ ¸ ªÃ¦ËœÅ¸Ã¦Å"Ÿ - shà  ng shà  ng gà ¨ xÄ «ngqÄ «two months ago - ä ¸Å Ã¤ ¸Å Ã¥â‚¬â€¹Ã¦Å"ˆ / ä ¸Å Ã¤ ¸Å Ã¤ ¸ ªÃ¦Å"ˆ - shà  ng shà  ng gà ¨ yuà ¨next week - ä ¸â€¹Ã¥â‚¬â€¹Ã¦ËœÅ¸Ã¦Å"Ÿ / ä ¸â€¹Ã¤ ¸ ªÃ¦ËœÅ¸Ã¦Å"Ÿ - xià   gà ¨ xÄ «ngqÄ «next month - ä ¸â€¹Ã¥â‚¬â€¹Ã¦Å"ˆ / ä ¸â€¹Ã¤ ¸ ªÃ¦Å"ˆ - xià   gà ¨ yuà ¨two weeks from now - ä ¸â€¹Ã¤ ¸â€¹Ã¥â‚¬â€¹Ã¦ËœÅ¸Ã¦Å"Ÿ / ä ¸â€¹Ã¤ ¸â€¹Ã¤ ¸ ªÃ¦ËœÅ¸Ã¦Å"Ÿ - xià   xià   gà ¨ xÄ «ng qÄ «two months from now - ä ¸â€¹Ã¤ ¸â€¹Ã¥â‚¬â€¹Ã¦Å"ˆ / ä ¸â€¹Ã¤ ¸â€¹Ã¤ ¸ ªÃ¦Å"ˆ - xià   xià   gà ¨ yuà ¨ Clarifications The time expressions for  days  and  years  have the same prefixes except for the previous time period: åŽ » (qà ¹) for  last year  and æ˜ ¨ (zuà ³) for  yesterday.   The time expressions for  year  can also be used for events which happen every year, such as anniversaries, school years, and vacations. For example: last year’s spring vacationåŽ »Ã¥ ¹ ´Ã¦Ëœ ¥Ã¥ â€¡qà ¹ nià ¡n chÃ… «n jià   This same pattern can be used for events which follow weekly or monthly patterns, such as semesters or seasons: last summer - åŽ »Ã¥ ¹ ´Ã¥ ¤ Ã¥ ¤ © - qà ¹ nià ¡n xià  tiÄ n

The Life of Galileo - 1545 Words

The Battle For Truth Throughout the course of history, from era to era, mankind has been on a continuous attempt to perpetuate what they perceive as the truth; and in doing so, embark on a quest to find their true identity and place in life. One must realize that the common theme in all literature is the search for identity and belonging. Bertolt Brecht, author of The Life of Galileo, effectively uses the developing character Galileo Galilei to portray a strong message; a message which five hundred years after the fact has still not been completely comprehended. Through Galileos continuous battle with the Church in prevailing his work, Brecht is telling the readers that in any one mans attempt to propagate the truth, whether it†¦show more content†¦....Everything is irrefutably seen to depend on me, man, the work of God, the creature at the centre, the image of God,.... (Brecht 40) LITTLE MONK: ...Youve won. GALILEO: It has won! Not me, reason has won! (Brecht 40) After the Old Cardinal implicitly tells Galileo that his research and teachings symbolize atheism, he is approached by Clavius whom tells Galileo that he is right and that he is invited to Rome to show his research. It is interesting to see Galileos response in crediting reason for his achievement. It is here where the reader sees Galileos thoughts and perceptions on life; that science and its achievements should not only be credited to the founder yet the society that encourages these findings; that the progress of human kind as a whole should be the objective of inventions. Using Galileo, Brecht continuously stresses these points throughout the play and is making it clear that he is against the notion of the discouragement of ideas, inventions, and thinking. Although external forces such as the church and other characters do not influence Galileos personal belief, there are also internal forces, such as the battle against self, that also influence Galileos perception on both his work and human kind. It is through his experiences with Andrea, the young protà ©gà © of Galileo, that we see the character of Galileo at the beginning of the play. InShow MoreRelatedThe Life of Galileo Themes778 Words   |  4 Pagestreasured above all else? In Bertolt Brechts, The life of Galileo, the idea of the Catholic church controlling information is a central theme. The conflict of intellectual freedom; between the individual and authority. The Life of Galileo  suggests that it is only through the process of questioning – and engaging that society can learn and grow, and one should treasure their intellectual freedom, as depicted through the main character, Galileo. When Galileo discovers new evidence about the rotation ofRead MoreThe Life of Galileo Galilei 609 Words   |  2 Pages Galileo Galilei is considered one of the greatest scientists of all time. He was an Italian mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who very strongly supported Copernicanism, which is the idea that the earth orbits the sun. It was hard to advocate Copernicanism because it was a very controversial idea during that time. Galileo was a leader in the Scientific Revolution. He made discoveries in the sciences of motion, astronomy, an d strength of materials. In motion, his famous scientificRead MoreThe Life of Galileo Context Essay.1518 Words   |  7 Pagesyoung again. For me, the liberty I do have only brings more questions and confusion into my life. The world doesn’t seem too exciting. As I am now so used to the idea of being ‘free’, in the sense of being able to choose what road I choose, when given boundaries sometimes i react by getting irritated and angry. I am not alone with these sentiments. We all oppose restrictions in different areas in our life. While physical and idealistic imprisonment can push us towards revolt, it is in our reactionRead MoreLife Of Galileo And Top Girls Analysis1542 Words   |  7 PagesLife of Galileo and Top Girls Life of Galileo and Top Girls are two plays that truly exemplify epic theater. They both tell stories in order to call the audience to some form of action, and they both alienate the audience from the characters. Epic theater’s purpose is â€Å"to cause the audience to think objectively about the play, to reflect on its argument, to understand it, and to draw conclusions† (â€Å"Epic Theater†). Therefore, for a work to be categorized as epic theater it must have an argumentRead MoreEssay on Life of Galileo Scene 71713 Words   |  7 PagesLife of Galileo, Scene 7: Brecht delineates the important episodes of the life of Galileo Galilei. The main matter of his life was the conflict between him and the Church. The church ultimately did shut him up but Galileo was still adamant to send his theory wherever he could. He wanted every person in the marketplace to know what he had discovered. And that is why in the very beginning when he faked the telescope he had allowed anyone and everyone who wanted to see the telescope to come and seeRead MoreEssay about The Life and Work of Galileo1360 Words   |  6 PagesThe Life and Work of Galileo Galileo Galilei is considered to be one of the greatest mathematicians of all time. He made life changing discoveries and mystified many with his knowledge. However, not all of his work was accepted well. Galileo challenged the church creating a controversy that will never be forgotten. Galileo Galilei was born in Pisa, Italy February 18, 1564. He was the son of Vincenzo Galilei, a member of a Nobel family, a musician and a mathematician. Galileo, at an early ageRead More The Life of Galileo and the Effects of his Findings on Faith1719 Words   |  7 PagesThe Life of Galileo and the Effects of his Findings on Faith Galileo Galilei was born in Pisa, February 18, 1564. At an early age, Galileo was interested in mathematics and the study of mechanics. His father, a onetime mathematician, pushed him towards the medical profession, which held much greater financial benefits. But the attempts of Galileo’s father were in vein as Galileo soon discovered the works of Archimedes and became extremely interested. Thus, his father reluctantly allowedRead MoreThe Life and Work of John Calvin and Galileo Galilei Essay1156 Words   |  5 PagesJohn Calvin was born July 10th, 1509, in Noyon, Picardy. He was raised up in a staunch Roman Catholic family. Early in his life, Calvin’s father was employed by the local bishop as an administrator at the town’s cathedral. With this newly acquired job, John Calvin’s father wanted Calvin to be a priest. Due to the fact that his family had close ties with the bishop and his noble family, Calvin’s classmates in Noyon were aristocrati c and culturally influential in his childhood. At the age of fourteenRead MoreEssay about Quest for Identity in The Life of Galileo by Brecht1498 Words   |  6 PagesQuest for Identity in The Life of Galileo by Brecht Throughout the course of history, from era to era, mankind has been on a continuous attempt to perpetuate what they perceive as the truth; and in doing so, embark on a quest to find their true identity and place in life. One must realize that the common theme in all literature is the search for identity and belonging. Bertolt Brecht, author of The Life of Galileo, effectively uses the developing character Galileo Galilei to portray a strongRead MoreNicholas Copernicus : The Father Of Modern Science1728 Words   |  7 PagesGalileo Galilei, the most renowned scientist of the Renaissance period, or the â€Å"father of modern science† was known as a jack-of-all-trades: he was an astronomer, physicist, engineer, philosopher, and mathematician just to name a few. But perhaps what he is most known for is spurring the scientific revolution in the late seventeenth century. Galileo challenged what was then considered common knowledge for almost 30 years: for example, the idea of a heliocentric universe. The most controversial of

Death Finality or Everlasting Life Essay - 625 Words

The loss of a loved one is an emotional and personal experience, and everyone grieves in their own way. Before the healing process can begin, the deceased must be laid to rest and this is usually accomplished with a funeral service. Many people choose a piece to be read at these ceremonies, such as W.H. Auden’s â€Å"Funeral Blues† and Mary Elizabeth Frye’s â€Å"Do Not Stand at My Grave and Weep.† It is quite thought-provoking to compare the poems, since the subject matter is the same, however each of these works views death from a different perspective, one negative and the other positive. Auden’s â€Å"Funeral Blues† is perceived through the eyes of the mourner. The tone is sad and the state of mind of the speaker is full of melancholy.†¦show more content†¦His entire world has been altered and the consequence is that â€Å"nothing now can ever come to any good.† It sounds as if the speaker wants to give up on life and has no hope of ever being able to love again. In contrast, Mary Elizabeth Frye’s â€Å"Do Not Stand at My Grave and Weep† is seen through the eyes of the deceased unlike â€Å"Funeral Blues† which is seen through the eyes of the mourner. The tone of this poem is uplifting and gives the reader a sense of peace. Similar to â€Å"Funeral Blues,† the main theme is about death and its secondary theme is about love. Frye uses metaphors and symbolism to explain that death does not have to be final, and wants the reader to believe that the speaker did not die, but that she is present in all the beautiful things in nature. The speaker shows love for the survivors and wants to give them comfort by telling them â€Å"do not stand at my grave and weep† but to go out and enjoy life. She is telling her loved ones that her body is no longer on earth but her spirit is very much â€Å"alive† and that her memory will always be with them in their thoughts. The subject of both poems deals with the passing of a loved one, and each one’s view of death is compelling, however the impact of each poem depends on the frame of mind of the bereaved. There is a distinct difference between both works. â€Å"Funeral Blues† is depressing andShow MoreRelatedHamlets Second Soliloquy Essay927 Words   |  4 Pagescomments on ‘the Everlasting’ fixing his ‘canon ‘gainst self-slaughter’ in his first soliloquy, where he also condemns his flesh as ‘too too solid’, the same ‘sinews’ that he now calls upon to ‘bear [him] stiffly up’. One of the Ghosts most poignant effects on Hamlet is pointed out by L.C. Knights in Hamlet and Death, where he explains that â€Å"Hamlet’s exclusive concentration upon things rank and gross and his consequent recoil from life as a whole determine his attitude to death, which also is purelyRead More Buddism Essay969 Words   |  4 Pagesexistence in man of an immortal soul. The Enlightenment which dwells in life does not belong to one form of life. All that is mans changing and mortal; the Immortal is not any mans. The Buddha pointed out how no thing is the same at this moment as it was a moment ago. Even the everlasting hills are slowly being worn away, and every particle of the human body, even the hardest, is replaced every seven years. There is no finality or rest within this universe, only a ceaseless becoming and a never-endingRead MoreSonnet 73 Analysis Essay486 Words   |  2 PagesSonnet 73, the speaker uses a series of metaphors to characterize what he perceives to be the nature of his old age. This poem is not simply a procession of interchangeable metaphors; it is the story of the speaker slowly coming to grips with the finality of his age and his impermanence in time. In the first quatrain, the speaker contrasts his age is like a time of year,: late autumn, when the yellow leaves have almost completely fallen from the trees and the boughs shake against the coldRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare1470 Words   |  6 Pagesnotion of mortality and suicide. Shakespeare proficiently juxtaposes this against the idea of life to highlight hamlet’s conflicted emotions. â€Å"Too too solid flesh would melt†¦ ‘Gainst self-slaughter. O God, God,† proficiently identifies Hamlet as living in a painful world, yet death would sentence him to eternal suffering in hell, due to the societal beliefs of Christianity. The painful nature of his life is evident through the effective use of emotive language, indicating that hamlet may suffer aRead MoreThe Golden Age Of Greece Essay1603 Words   |  7 Pages ‘I entreat you, by your life, by your knees, by your parents, do not let the dogs feed on me by the ships of the Achaians†¦ give my body to be taken home again, so that the Trojans and the wives of the Trojans may give me in death my rite of burning’ (22.338-343). This heart wrenching plea represents nearly the final words uttered by Hektor upon his death at the hands of Achilles. Hektor, who recently boasted of his martial prowess, vowing just moments before to do ‘some big thing first, thatRead MoreThe Epic Of Gilgamesh And Odysseus1497 Words   |  6 Pagescapable of dying, although they choose to act upon an overestimated mindset. The two journeys began similarly. Gilgamesh began his journey suffering from the loss of Enkidu and searching for immortality. He had the false assumption that he could avoid death because he was two-thirds god and one-third man. The people described him as â€Å"a star from heaven† (The Epic of Gilgamesh 63 Trans. N.K. Sandars). This mindset led him to his eventual downfall. Odysseus’ hubris is displayed when he overestimates hisRead MoreThe Inspirations from the Mayan Ballgame1515 Words   |  7 PagesPopol Vuh, the collection of stories describing Mayan mythistory, contains the origin of the ballgame, and in this story is embedded the framework of proper Mayan values and behavior. It is what Freidel, Schele, and Parker call â€Å"a charter for a way of life.† According to the Popol Vuh, the Hero Twins named Hunahpu and Xblalanque cross over into the Underworld, Xibalba. There they play the Lords of the domain in a series of ballgames risking their lives as they are also tested in various trials, hopingRead MoreDeath Is Not The End1762 Words   |  8 Pageshistory, people have refused to accept the finality that death brings to life. Death brings an unacceptable, sudden interruption to one’s work, plans, and relationships. Though the inscription on many tombstones often reads, Rest in Peace, the truth of the matter is that mos t people do not welcome the peaceful rest of the grave. They would rather be alive and productive† (Samuele Bacchiocchi). As a Christian it is important as a Christian to understnd that death Is not the end. If we live our lives accordingRead MoreEssay A Mortals Sense Of Immortality1802 Words   |  8 Pages A Mortalamp;#8217;s Sense of Immortality To fear death is to fear life itself. An overbearing concern for the end of life not only leads to much apprehension of the final moment but also allows that fear to occupy oneamp;#8217;s whole life. The only answer that can possibly provide relief in the shadow of the awaited final absolution lies in another kind of absolution, one that brings a person to terms with their irrevocable mortality and squelches any futile desire for immortality. Myths areRead MorePoetic Perceptions of Death Essay3253 Words   |  14 Pagesideas on death. Death is a common theme in any eras but it took a particular significance in the 19th century , especially in literature. As intense poets, both Dickinson and Tennyson shared their innermost views regarding death, particularly seen in Tennyson’s â€Å"Mariana†, â€Å"Crossing the Bar† and Dickinson’s â€Å"Because I could not stop for death† and â€Å"Behind me—dips Eternity.† In â€Å"Because I could not stop for death† and â€Å"Behind me—dips Eternity†, Dickinson challenges our perception of death. The depiction

Apwh Tri 3 Review Answers free essay sample

Why did African feminists resent American and European feminists opposition to traditional African cultural practices such as polygamy and female circumcision? | Western feminists could easily being to sound like colonial missionaries and rulers. Which of the following best describes the response of global fundamentalism to modernity? | A selective rejection and a seeking of an alternative, more religious modernity. | Which of the following best characterizes the strategies pursued Islamic fundamentalist groups for achieving their political aims? | Most attempted to gain power through elections and placing members in influential government and social positions, but some sought violent revolutions. | Why did Osama bin Laden and the leaders of al-Qaeda come to declare the United States as their enemy? They objected to American military presence in Saudi Arabia after the first Gulf War. | What was a major difference between Western environmental movements and environmentalists in developing countries? | Western environmentalists were concerned more with issues of pollution and limiting growth; environmentalists in developing countries were more concerned with food security and social justice. We will write a custom essay sample on Apwh Tri 3 Review Answers or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page | In general, environmental movements in the Global South,| involved poor people rather than affluent members of the middle class. |

Renaissance Notes Essay Example For Students

Renaissance Notes Essay With the large city-states and sizeable towns, northern Italy was urban versus the rest of Europe being mostly rural. The cities were an ideal place for an intellectual revolution as they are places where ideas are often exchanged. When the bubonic plague struck in the asses, 60% of the populations of these cities were killed, and this mean that the fewer laborers could demand higher wages, and with fewer opportunities to expand business, merchants began to pursue interests such as art. It. Merchants and the Medici A wealthy merchant class developed in each Italian city-state. Small city-states like Milan and Florence had a high percentage of citizens that could be intensely involved in political life. Merchants dominated politics Merchants didnt inherit social rank like nobles. Many successful merchants believed they deserved power and wealth because of their individual merit. Since the late asses, Florence had a republican form of government. During the Renaissance, Florence came under the rule of the Medici, whose family bank had branch offices throughout Italy and in the major cities of Europe. Cosmic De Medici was the wealthiest European of his time, and in 1434, he won control of Florescences government and was dictator for 30 years. He influenced members of the ruling council by giving them loans. Cosmic De Medici died in 1464, UT his family continued to control Florence. His grandson, Lorenz De Medici (aka Lorenz the Magnificent), came to power in 1469 and ruled as a dictator keeping the appearance of an elected government. Iii. Looking to Greece and Rome Renaissance scholars wanted to return to the culture of the Greeks and Romans. The artists and scholars of Italy were inspired by Roman around them. Western scholars studied ancient Latin manuscripts preserved in monasteries. Christian scholars in Constantinople fled to Rome with Greek manuscripts when the Turks conquered Constantinople in 1453. B. Classical and Worldly Values Humanism was an intellectual movement that focused on human potential and achievements that was sparked by the study of classical texts. Instead of approaching the texts with the goal of equating them to Christian teachings, humanists studied them to understand ancient Greek values. Humanists influenced artists and architects to use classical traditions and promoted the study of subjects typical of classical education (aka humanities: history, literature, philosophy, etc. ) A. 1 . A. Iii. Worldly Pleasures In the Middle Ages, piety had been demonstrated by wearing rough clothing and eating plain foods. Humanists suggested that a person could enjoy life without offending God. The basic spirit of Renaissance society was focused on here and now (worldly) versus spiritual, this was called secular society. Even church leaders became worldlier: living in beautiful mansions, throwing lavish banquets, and wearing expensive clothes. A. L . A. Iv. Patrons of the Arts Church leaders, merchants, and wealthy families during the Renaissance became patrons of the arts by financially supporting artists. By having their portraits painted or by donating art to the city (to be shown of biblically), the wealthy displayed their win importance. A. L . A. V. The Renaissance Man During the Renaissance, as propagated by writers, the ideal individual strove to master almost every area of study. A man who excelled in many fields was praised as a universal man (aka Renaissance men, known as such in later ages) Balderdash Castigation wrote a book called The Courtier (1528) that taught a young man should be charming, witty, well educated in the classics, dance, sing, play music, write poetry, be a skilled rider, wrestler, and swordsman. A. L . A. Vi. The Renaissance Woman According to The Courtier, upper-class women also should know the classics and be harming, but instead they were expected to inspire art but rarely to create it. Upper- class Renaissance women were better educated than medieval women, but most had little influence in politics, and few, such as Isabella detest, did exercise power. Born into the ruling family of the city-state of Ferreira, Isabella married the ruler of another city-state, Mantra. She brought many Renaissance artists to her court and built a famous art collection and was also skilled in politics so that when her husband was taken captive in war, she defended Mantra and won his release. C. The Renaissance Revolutionizes Art Renaissance artists often portrayed religious figures and Greek and Roman subjects, used a realistic style mimicking classical models, and used perspective (showing three dimensions on a flat surface). I. Realistic Painting and Sculpture With the movement of Individualism, painters began to pain prominent citizens. Realistic portraits showed the distinction between people and artists such as Michelangelo Bonaparte (sculptor, painter, architect, poet) used a realistic style when depicting the human body. Donated also made sculpture more realistic by carving natural postures and expressions to convey personality. He revived a classical/ biblical form in his statue of David (David and Goliath story) in the asses, the first European sculpture off large, free-standing nude since ancient times. It. Leonardo, Renaissance Man Leonardo dad Vinci was a true Renaissance man, (considered a genius who was a He filled his notebooks with observations and sketches and he incorporated his studies in his art. The Mona Lisa is so realistic that many writers have tried to explain the thoughts behind her smile. The Last Supper shows the personalities of Jesus disciples through their facial expressions and drastically different postures. Iii. Raphael Advances Realism Raphael Sansei was a young man who learned from studying the works of the older Michelangelo and dad Vinci. One of Repeals favorite subjects was the Madonna and child, and he often portrayed their expressions as gentle and calm. He was famous for his use of perspective, and his greatest achievement was filling the walls of Pope Julius Siss library with paintings (School of Athens conveys classical influence on Renaissance). Raphael painted famous Renaissance figures, such as Michelangelo, Leonardo, and himself, as classical philosophers and their students. Lb. Anguishing and Gentiles A few Italian women became notable painters, like Isobars Anguishing, the first woman artist to gain an international reputation. Shes known for her portraits of her sisters and people such as King Philip II of Spain. Artemisia Gentiles was trained with her painter father and helped with his work. In her own paintings, she painted heroic women. D. Renaissance Writers Change Literature Some Renaissance writers followed the example of medieval writer Dante, who wrote in the vernacular (his native language of Italian) instead of Latin. Renaissance writers wrote for self-expression or to portray individuality of their subjects. A. L . A. Vii. Patriarch and Vacation Francesco Patriarch (aka father of Renaissance humanism) was one of the earliest and most influential humanists and a great poet who wrote in both Italian and Latin He wrote 14 line poems, sonnets, in Italian about a mysterious woman named Laura (his ideal), who died in the plague in 1348. In classical Latin, he wrote letters to many important friends. Giovanni Vacation is best known for the Dodecahedron, a series of realistic, sometimes racy stories supposedly told by a group of worldly young people waiting in a rural villa to avoid the plague sweeping through Florence, and presents OTOH tragic and comic views of life by using cutting humor to illustrate the human condition (characters are individualized) A. L . A. Viii. Machiavelli Advises Rulers Quick notes: Machiavelli writes The Prince as a guidebook of sorts for rulers and it does not concern how to rule as a morally correct person, but rather how to rule efficiently and effectively. A. L . A. Ix. Vitro Colony The women writers who gained fame during the Renaissance usually wrote about personal subjects, not politics. Vitro Colony (1492-1547) was born into a noble family, and in 1509 she married the Marquis of Peccary, who spent most of his life way from home on military campaigns. Colony exchanged sonnets with Michelangelo and helped Castigation publish The Courtier. Her own poems express personal emotions. A. 2. The Northern Renaissance a. The Northern Renaissance Begins By 1450 northern Rupees population began to rise again after the plague. When the Hundred Years War ended in 1453, many cities quickly grew, causing urban in Italy). The sponsorship began in Flanders, rich from long-distance trade and the cloth industry, and patronage of artists increased directly proportionally to the wealth in other parts of Northern Europe. England and France were ruled wholly under monarchs (different from Italian city states) who often sponsored the arts by purchasing paintings and supporting artists and writers. Francis I of France invited Leonardo dad Vinci to retire in France, and his castle at Fontainebleau became a showcase for Renaissance art after hiring Italian artists and architects to rebuild and decorate it. The northern Renaissance took on its own character as it blended northern culture with the Italian Renaissance style. Artists were concerned with realism and human dignity inspired some northern humanists to develop plans for social reform based on Jude-Christian values. B. Artistic Ideas Spread In 1494, war ensued as a French king claimed the throne of Naples causing many Italian artists and writers to leave for safety in Northern Europe, bringing with them the styles of the Italian Renaissance Northern European artists who had studied in Italy also carried ideas back to their homelands I. German Painters Albrecht Dere traveled to Italy to study in 1494 and returned to Germany producing woodcuts and engravings, many of which portray religious subjects, and others classical myths / realistic landscapes Udders work helped to spread Renaissance tales and his emphasis on realism influenced Hans Holstein the Younger. Holstein painted pictures that almost looked like photographs in their details. He moved to England where he painted portraits of King Henry VIII and other members of the royal family. It. Renaissance Food EssayHenry VIII Wants a Son Henry VIII, a devout Catholic, became king of England in 1509, and in 1521, Henry wrote an attack on Lathers ideas. The pope gave Henry the title Defender of the Faith. Henry needed a male heir for fear of civil war breaking out if he died without an heir, but he and his wife, Catherine of Argon, had only a daughter, Mary and no woman had ever successfully claimed the English throne, so by 1 527, Henry was convinced that the 42-year-old Catherine wouldnt bear him anymore kids, and thus he wanted to divorce her and take a younger queen. Church law forbid divorce, but he pope could annul Henrys marriage if there was proof it was never legal, but the pope, for fear of angering Caterings nephew, Charles V, refused to annul Henrys marriage it. The Reformation Parliament In 1529, Henry called Parliament into session and sought to pass a set of laws that ended the popes power in England. In 1533, Henry secretly married the twenty- something Anne Bobble and soon after Parliament legalized Henrys divorce from Catherine. In 1534, Henrys break with the pope was completed when Parliament voted to approve the Act of Supremacy that involved people taking an oath acknowledging the divorce and accepting Henry as the official head of Englands Church. Thomas More remained a devout Catholic despite his criticisms of the Church and refused to take the oath and thus Henry had him arrested and imprisoned in the Tower of London only to be executed in 1 535 for high treason. Iii. Anne Bobble gave birth to a daughter, Elizabeth who was eventually charged with treason, imprisoned in the Tower of London, and beheaded in 1536. Immediately, Henry took another wife, Jane Seymour and she gave him a son, Edward, in 1537 Henry married three more times after Canes death 2 weeks after Edwards birth, but e had no further children from these marriages. After Henrys death in 1547, each of his three children ruled England in succession and created religious turmoil. Edward, became king when he was nine years old and was guided by adult advisers who were devout Protestants that introduced Protestant reforms to the English Church. Mary took the throne in 1553 and was a Catholic who returned the English Church to the rule of the pope, but her was greatly opposed and had many protestants killed. When Mary died in 1558, Elizabeth inherited the throne. v. Elizabeth Restores Protestantism In 1 559, Parliament set up the Church of England, or Anglican Church, with Elizabeth as its head and this was designated to be the only legal church in England. Elizabeth decided to establish a state church Catholics and Protestants could both accept so to please Protestants, priests in the Church of England were allowed to marry, they could deliver sermons in English, not Latin and to please Catholics, the Church of England kept some of the accessories of the Catholic service and in addition, church services were changed to be somewhat more tolerable to Catholics. V. Elizabeth Faces Other Challenges Elizabeth managed to bring a level of religious peace to England, but religion still persisted to be a problem. Some Protestants pushed for Elizabeth to make more church reforms and simultaneously Catholics tried to overthrow Elizabeth and replace her with her cousin, the Catholic Mary Queen of Scots and also faced threats from the Catholic Spanish king Philip II In the late asses, the English began to think about building an American empire as a new source of income, but while colonies strengthened England economically, they did not directly reimburse the queen A. 4. The Reformation Continues A. L . A. Calvin Continues the Reformation I. Calvin Formalizes Protestant Ideas In 1536, John Calvin published Institutes of the Christian Religion, which was a summary of Protestant theology in which Calvin wrote that men and women are sinful by nature. Taking Lathers idea that humans cannot earn salvation, Calvin continues that God chooses very few people to save called the elect and he believed that God has known since the beginning of time who will be saved, called predestination, and the religion based on Callings teachings is called Calvinist. It. Calvin Leads the Reformation in Switzerland Calvin believed that the ideal government was a theocracy, a government controlled y religious leaders. In 1541, Protestants in Geneva, Switzerland, asked Calvin to lead their city and when Calvin arrived there in the asses, Geneva was a self-governing city of about 20,000 people and Calvin and his followers ran the city according to strict rules. Everyone attended religion class, nobody wore bright clothing or played card games, authorities would imprison, excommunicate, or banish those who broke such rules. Though anyone who opposed this could be burned at the stake, Callings When a Scottish preacher, John Knox, returned to Scotland in 1559 after admiring Geneva, he put Callings ideas to work. Each community church was governed by a group of laymen called elders or presbyters, and followers of Knox became known as Presbyterian and in the 1 sass, Protestant nobles led by Knox made Calvinist Scotland official religion. They also overthrew Mary Queen of Scots for her infant son, James, meanwhile Swiss, Dutch, and French reformers adopted the Calvinist form of church organization. Calvin is considered so influential because many Protestant churches today trace their roots to Calvin but over the years, many softened Callings strict rules/teachings. In France, Callings followers were called Hugeness, and hatred between Catholics and Hugeness turned violent and the most violent clash occurred in Paris on August 24, 1572 at dawn on the Catholic feast of SST. Bartholomew Day when Catholic mobs began murdering Protestants. The massacres spread to other cities and lasted six months and it is believed as many as 12,000 Hugeness were killed. A. 4. A. Other Protestant Reformers A. 4. A. I. The Anabaptists Anabaptists said people who were baptized as kids should be arbitrated when theyre old enough to decide to be Christian The Anabaptists taught that church and Tate should be separate, they refused to fight in wars, and they shared their possessions. Both Catholics and Protestants persecuted them, but the Anabaptists survived and became the precursors of the Mennonites and the Amiss. Their teaching influenced the later Quakers and Baptists, groups who split from the Anglican Church. A. 4. A. Ii. Womens Role in the Reformation The sister of King Francis l, Marguerite of Invader, protected John Calvin from being executed for his beliefs while he lived in France. Katherine Sell, married to Matthew Sell of Strasbourg, once told off a minister for speaking harshly of another reformer ND the minister responded by saying that she had disturbed the peace, but she answered back and held her own. Katherine von Boar was Lathers wife and was sent to a convent at about age ten to become a nun, but inspired by Lathers teaching, she fled the convent After marrying Luther, Katherine had six children, she also managed the family finances, fed all who visited their house, and supported her husbands work. Though Katherine argued with Luther about womans equal role in marriage, womens activities were limited to the home: Luther said, Gods highest gift on earth s a pious, cheerful, God-fearing, home-keeping wife. A. 4. B. The Catholic Reformation Helping Catholics to remain loyal was a movement within the Catholic Church to reform itself known as the Catholic Reformation. A. 4. B. I. Igniting of Loyola Igniting grew up in his fathers castle in Loyola, Spain and in 1521 he was injured in a war. In 1522, Igniting began writing a book called Spiritual Exercises that laid out a day-by-day plan of meditation, prayer, and study and he compared spiritual and physical exercise. For the next 18 years, he gathered followers and in 1540, the pope reared a religious order for his followers called the Society of Jesus whoso members were called Jesuits The Jesuits focused on founding schools throughout Europe with well-trained teachers in both classical studies and theology, to convert non- Christians to Catholicism by sending out missionaries around the world, and to stop the spread of Protestantism A. 4. B. Ii. Reforming Popes indulgence selling and other abuses in the Church, approved the Jesuit order, used the Inquisition to seek out unorthodoxy in papal territory, called a council of Church leaders to meet in Trend, in northern Italy. From 1545 to 1563, at the Council of Trend, Catholic bishops and cardinals agreed on several doctrines: The Churchs interpretation of the Bible was final. Christians needed faith and good works for salvation. The Bible and Church tradition were equally powerful authorities for guiding Christian life. Indulgences were valid expressions of faith. But the false selling of indulgences was banned. The next pope, Paul V, carried out the councils decrees and in 1559, he had officials draw up a list of books considered dangerous to the Catholic faith. This list was known as the Index of Forbidden Books and Catholic shops throughout Europe gathered up the offensive books and burnt them. A. 4. C. The Legacy of the Reformation A. 4. C. I. Religious and Social Effects of the Reformation Both Catholics and Protestants gave more emphasis to the role of education in promoting their beliefs, which led to the founding of parish schools and new colleges and universities throughout Europe. Women were still mainly limited to the concerns of home and family. A. 4. C. Ii. Political Effects of the Reformation Individual monarchs and states gained power, which led to the development of modern nation-states.